v21i063: Pascal to C translator, Part18/32

[Rich Salz]

Submitted-by: Dave Gillespie <daveg at csvax.caltech.edu>
Posting-number: Volume 21, Issue 63
Archive-name: p2c/part18

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X.\" p2c  Copyright 1989 Dave Gillespie
X.TH P2C 1 "local"
X.SH NAME
Xp2c \- Pascal to C translator, version 1.14
X.SH SYNOPSIS
X.B p2c
X[ options ] [ file [ module ] ]
X.SH DESCRIPTION
X.I P2c
Xis a tool for translating Pascal programs into C.  The input consists
Xof a set of source files in any of the following Pascal dialects:
XHP Pascal, Turbo/UCSD Pascal, DEC VAX Pascal, Oregon Software Pascal/2,
XMacintosh Programmer's Workshop Pascal, Sun/Berkeley Pascal.
XModula-2 syntax is also supported.  Output is a set of
X.B .c
Xand
X.B .h
Xfiles that comprise an equivalent program in any of several dialects
Xof C.  Output code may be kept machine- and dialect-independent, or
Xit may be targeted to a specific machine and compiler.  Most reasonable
XPascal programs are converted into fully functional C which will compile
Xand run with no further modifications, although
X.I p2c
Xsometimes chooses to generate readable code at the expense of absolute
Xgenerality.  
X.I P2c
Xendeavors to insert notes and warning messages into the output code
Xto point out areas which may require human intervention.  Output code
Xis arranged to be readable and efficient, and to make use of C idioms
Xwherever possible.  The main goal of the translation is to produce C
Xfiles which are pleasant and "natural" enough to be acceptable as the new
Xsource files for a program.  In a pinch,
X.I p2c
Xwill also serve as an ad hoc Pascal compiler.
X.PP
XCode generated by
X.I p2c
Xnormally does not assume characters are signed or unsigned.
XAlso, it assumes
X.B int
Xis the same as either
X.B short
Xor
X.B long
Xbut does not depend on which.  However, if
X.B int
Xis not the same as
X.BR long
Xit is best to use a modern C compiler which supports prototypes.
XGenerated code does not require an ANSI-compatible compiler
X(unless ANSI-style code is requested), but it does use various
XANSI-standard library routines.
X.PP
XAll generated code includes the file
X.I <p2c/p2c.h>
Xwhich in turn includes
X.I <stdio.h>
Xand various other common resources.  Also, many translated programs
Xwill need to be linked with the run-time library, typically
X.I -lp2c.
X.PP
XGiven a file name,
X.I p2c
Xreads from the specified file and outputs to a file with a
X.B .c
Xsuffix added or substituted.  For example,
X.IP "" 5
Xp2c myfile.pas
X.PP
Xreads from
X.I myfile.pas
Xto produce the file
X.I myfile.c.
XThe input file may contain a Pascal main program or a
Xsingle Pascal module (or "unit" in Turbo and UCSD Pascal nomenclature),
Xor it may just contain a number of procedures and declarations.
X.I P2c
Xis designed to work for correct input programs.  That is, it will accept
Xpartial programs but may occasionally core dump if the input refers to
Xundefined symbols.
X.PP
XIf the input is a module, the translator will also produce a file
X.IB module .h
Xcontaining a translation of the module's interface section.
XThe implementation section may be omitted in which case only the
X.B .h
Xfile will be interesting.  If the program or module has include files,
Xthese may cause additional
X.B .c
Xfiles to be generated depending on the value of the
X.B ExpandIncludes
Xoption (see below).
X.PP
XIf no file name is given,
X.I p2c
Xreads Pascal from the standard input and writes the resulting C to
Xstandard output (though a
X.B .h
Xfile may still be produced).  If a file name and module name are given,
Xthe file may include several modules (or units).  The specified module
Xis translated; any others are skipped.  The output files will be named
X.IB module .c
Xand
X.IB module .h .
X.I P2c
Xnever translates more than one module per run.
X.PP
XBefore starting,
X.I p2c
Xreads the file
X.I --HOMEDIR--/p2crc
Xfor a number of configuration parameters.  (The actual path used on your
Xsystem may vary.  The
X.B \-i
Xoption is a handy way to examine this file.)
XIf the P2CRC environment variable is set, it gives the name of a file
Xto read instead of the system file; this file can start with
X.B Include %H/p2crc
Xto include the system file.  Next,
X.I p2c
Xattempts to read the file
X.I p2crc
Xin your directory for further configuration.  If this file does not
Xexist,
X.I p2c
Xlooks for
X.I .p2crc
Xinstead.
X.SH OPTIONS
X.TP
X.BI \-o "\ cfile"
XUse
X.I cfile
Xin place of
X.IB file .c
Xor
X.IB module .c
Xas the primary output file.  A single dash (`\-o \-') says to write the
XC code to the standard output.
X.TP
X.BI \-h "\ hfile"
XUse
X.I hfile
Xin place of
X.IB module .h
Xas the output file for interface text.  This only has effect if the
Xinput is an HP Pascal module or a Turbo Pascal unit.
X.TP
X.BI \-s "\ sfile"
XRead interface text from
X.I sfile
Xbefore beginning the translation.  This file typically contains one or
Xmore modules, often with interface sections omitted for speed, which the
Xprogram or module being translated will use.  (Typically the
X.B ImportFrom
Xand
X.B ImportDir
Xparameters in
X.I p2crc
Xare set up to allow
X.I p2c
Xto locate interface text without needing any
X.B \-s
Xoptions.)  If there are several
X.B \-s
Xoptions in the command, the
X.I sfiles
Xare read from left to right.
X.TP
X.BI \-p n
XDisplay progress of translation in the form of a line number/file name
Xdisplay.  This is refreshed every
X.I n
Xlines, 25 by default.
X.TP
X.BI \-c "\ rcfile"
XRead local configuration commands from
X.I rcfile
Xinstead of
X.I p2crc
Xor
X.I .p2crc.
XA dash (`\-c \-') in place of
X.I rcfile
Xcauses no local configuration file to be used.
X.TP
X.B \-v
X("Vanilla.")  Do not read from the system configuration file
X.I --HOMEDIR--/p2crc.
XSince some of the parameters in this file are required, your local
Xconfiguration file must include those parameters instead.  This
Xalso suppresses the file named by the P2CRC environment variable.
X.TP
X.BI \-H "\ homedir"
XUse
X.I homedir
Xinstead of
X.I --HOMEDIR--
Xas the
X.I p2c
Xhome directory.  The system
X.I p2crc
Xfile will be searched for in this directory. 
X.TP
X.BI \-I pattern
XAdd
X.I pattern
Xto the
X.B ImportDir
Xsearch list of places to find modules which are imported.  The pattern
Xshould include a
X.I %s
Xto represent the module name, and should evaluate to a potential file name
Xfor that module's source code.  For example,
X.B ../%s.pas
Xlooks for
X.IB modulename .pas
Xin the parent of the current directory.
X.TP
X.B \-i
XThis special option (which must be the only argument on the
Xcommand line if used) simply copies the system configuration
Xfile
X.I --HOMEDIR--/p2crc
Xto the standard output in its entirety.  (It may be used with
X.BR \-H ,
Xbut
X.B \-i
Xis most useful precisely when you don't know the
Xlocation of the home directory.)
X.TP
X.B \-q
XQuiet mode.  Suppresses output of status messages during translation.
X.TP
X.BI \-E n
XAbort translation after
X.I n
Xerrors.  If
X.I n
Xis omitted it defaults to zero, which means unlimited errors are allowed.
XUse
X.B -E1
Xto make
X.I p2c
Xhalt after the first error.
X.TP
X.B \-e
XEcho the Pascal source into the output file, surrounded by #ifdefs.
XThis is the same as the
X.B CopySource
Xparameter in the
X.I p2crc
Xfile.
X.TP
X.B \-a
XProduce modern ANSI C.  This is a convenient override for the
X.B AnsiC
Xparameter in the
X.I p2crc
Xfile.
X.TP
X.BI \-L "\ language"
XSelect input language name, such as VAX or TURBO.  This is a convenient
Xoverride for the
X.B Language
Xparameter.
X.TP
X.B \-V
XVerbose mode.  This causes
X.I p2c
Xto generate an additional ".log" file with further details of the
Xtranslation, such as a list of warnings and notes including those
Xwhich are suppressed in the regular output.
X.TP
X.B \-M0
XDisable memory conservation.  This prevents
X.I p2c
Xfrom freeing various data structures after translating each function,
Xin case this new conservation feature causes unforseen problems.
X.TP
X.B \-R
XRegression testing mode.  Formats notes and warning messages in a way
Xthat makes it easier to run
X.IR diff (1)
Xon the output of
X.I p2c.
X.PP
X.I P2c
Xalso understands a few debugging options which may occasionally be
Xuseful when tracking down translation problems.  The
X.BI \-d n
Xoption sets the "debug level" to
X.I n,
Xa small integer which is normally zero.  Debugging output is
Xwritten into the regular output file along with the C code; the
Xhigher your
X.I n,
Xthe more "wallpaper" you get.  Also,
X.B \-t
Xprints debugging information at every Pascal token,
X.BI \-B n
Xenables line-breaker debugging, and
X.BI \-C n
Xenables comment placement debugging.
X.SH CHOICE OF SOURCE LANGUAGE
XThe
X.B Language
Xconfiguration parameter or
X.B \-L
Xcommand-line option tells
X.I p2c
Xwhich Pascal dialect to expect in the input file.  Any language features
Xwhich do not overlap between dialects are supported all of the time.  The
X.B Language
Xparameter is consulted when a syntax or usage is detected that has different
Xmeanings in two different dialects, and also to determine default values
Xfor various other translation parameters as described below.
X.PP
XThe following language words are supported by
X.I p2c.
XNames are case-insensitive.
X.TP 8
X.B HP
XHP Pascal.  This is the default language.  All features of HP Standard
XPascal, the Pascal Workstation version, are supported except as noted
Xin BUGS below.  Some features of MODCAL, HP's extended Pascal, are also
Xsupported.  This is a superset of ISO standard Pascal, including
Xconformant arrays and procedural parameters.
X.TP
X.B HP-UX
XHP Pascal, HP-UX version.  Almost identical to the "HP" dialect.
X.TP
X.B Turbo
XTurbo Pascal 5.0 for the IBM PC.  Few conflicts with HP Pascal, so the
X.B Language
Xparameter is not often needed for Turbo.  (Most important is that the Turbo
Xand HP dialects use 16 and 32 bit integers, respectively.)
X.TP
X.B UCSD
XUCSD Pascal.  Similar to Turbo in many ways.
X.TP
X.B MPW
XMacintosh Programmer's Workshop Pascal 2.0.  Should also do a pretty
Xgood job for Lightspeed Pascal.  Object Pascal features are not supported,
Xnor is the fact that
X.B char
Xvariables are sometimes stored in 16 bits.
X.TP
X.B VAX
XVAX/VMS Pascal version 3.5.  Most but not all language features supported.
XThis has not yet been tested on large programs.
X.TP
X.B Oregon
XOregon Software Pascal/2.  All features implemented.
X.TP
X.B Berk
XBerkeley Pascal with Sun extensions.
X.TP
X.B Modula
XModula-2.  Based on Wirth's
X.I Programming in Modula-2,
X3rd edition.  Proper setting of the
X.B Language
Xparameter is
X.I not
Xoptional.  Translation will be incomplete in most cases, but should be
Xgood enough to work with.  Structure of local sub-modules is essentially
Xignored; like-named identifiers may be confused.  Type WORD is translated
Xas an integer, but type ADDRESS is translated as char * or void *; this
Xmay cause inconsistencies in the output code.
X.IP
XModula-2 modules have two parts in separate files.  Suppose these are
Xcalled
X.I foo.def
X(definition part) and
X.I foo.mod
X(implementation part) for module
X.I foo.
XThen a pattern like
X.B %s.def
Xmust be included in the
X.B ImportDir
Xlist, and
X.B LibraryFile
Xmust be changed to refer to
X.I system.m2
Xinstead of
X.I system.imp.
XTo translate the definition part, give the command
X.IP
X\ \ \ \ \ p2c foo.def
X.IP
Xto translate the definition part into files
X.I foo.h
Xand
X.IR foo.c ;
Xthe latter will usually be empty.  The command
X.IP
X\ \ \ \ \ p2c -s foo.def foo.mod
X.IP
Xwill translate the implementation part into file
X.I foo.c.
X.PP
XEven if all language features are supported for a dialect, some
Xpredefined functions may be omitted.  In these cases, the function call
Xwill be translated literally into C with a warning.  Some hand modification
Xmay be required.
X.SH CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS
X.I P2c
Xis highly configurable.  The defaults are suitable for most applications,
Xbut customizing these parameters will help you get the best possible
Xtranslation.  Since the output of
X.I p2c
Xis intended to be used as human-maintainable source code, there are many
Xparameters for describing the coding style and conventions you prefer.
XOthers give hints about your program that help
X.I p2c
Xto generate more correct, efficient, or readable code.
X.PP
XThe
X.I p2crc
Xfiles contain a list of parameters, one per line.  The system
Xconfiguration file, which may be viewed using the
X.B \-i
Xoption to
X.I p2c,
Xserves as an example of the proper format.  Parameter names are
Xcase-insensitive.  If a parameter name occurs exactly once in the system
X.I p2crc,
Xthis indicates that it must have a unique value and the last value given to
Xit by the
Xconfiguration files is used.  Other parameters are written several times
Xin a row; these are lists to which each configuration line adds an entry.
X.PP
XMany
X.I p2crc
Xoptions take a numeric value of 0 or 1, roughly corresponding to
X"no" or "yes."  Sometimes a blank value or the value "\fBdef\fR"
Xcorresponds to an intermediate "maybe" state.  For example, the stylistic
Xoption
X.B ExtraParens
Xswitches between copious or minimal parentheses in expressions, with
Xthe default being a nice compromise intended to be best for readers
Xwith an average knowledge of C operator precedences.
X.PP
XConfiguration options may also be embedded in the source file in the
Xform of Pascal comments:
X.PP
X\ \ \ \ \ {ShortOpt=0} {AvoidName=fred}
X.br
X\ \ \ \ \ {FuncMacro slope(x,y)=atan2(y,x)*RadDeg}
X.PP
Xdisables automatic short-circuiting of
X.B and
Xand
X.B or
Xexpressions, adds "\fIfred\fR" to the list of names to avoid using in
Xgenerated C code, and defines a special translation for the Pascal
Xprogram's
X.I slope
Xfunction 
Xusing the standard C
X.I atan2
Xfunction and a constant
X.I RadDeg
Xpresumably defined in the program.  Whitespace is generally not allowed
Xin embedded parameters.
XThe `=' sign is required for embedded parameters, though it is optional in
X.I p2crc
Xfiles.  Comments within embedded parameters are delimited by `##'.
XNumeric parameters may replace `=' with `+' or `-' to increase
Xor decrease the parameter; list-based parameters may use `-' to remove
Xa name from a list rather than adding it.  Also, the parameter name
Xby itself in comment braces means to restore the parameter's value
Xthat was current before the last change:
X.PP
X\ \ \ \ \ {VarFiles=0  ## Pass FILE *'s params by value even if VAR}
X.br
X.I \ \ \ \ \ some declarations
X.br
X\ \ \ \ \ {VarFiles    ## Back to original FILE * passing}
X.PP
Xcauses the parameter
X.B VarFiles
Xto have the value 0 for those few declarations, without affecting the
Xparameter's value elsewhere in the file.
X.PP
XIf an embedded parameter appears in an include file or in interface text
Xfor a module,
Xthe effect of the assignment normally carries over to any programs that
Xincluded that file.  If the parameter name is preceded by a `*', then
Xthe assignment is automatically undone after the source file that contains
Xit ends:
X.PP
X\ \ \ \ \ {IncludeFrom strings=<p2c/strings.h>}
X.br
X\ \ \ \ \ {*ExportSymbol=pascal_%s}
X.br
X\ \ \ \ \ module strings;
X.PP
Xwill record the location of the
X.I strings
Xmodule's include file for the rest of the translation, but the assignment
Xof
X.B ExportSymbol
Xpertains only to the module itself.
X.PP
XFor the complete list of
X.I p2crc
Xparameters, run
X.I p2c
Xwith the
X.B \-i
Xoption.  Here are some additional comments on selected parameters:
X.TP 15
X.B ImportAll
XBecause Turbo Pascal only allows one unit per source file,
X.I p2c
Xnormally stops reading past the word
X.I implementation
Xin a file being scanned for interface text.  But HP Pascal allows several
Xmodules per file and so this would not be safe to do.  The
X.B ImportAll
Xoption lets you override the default behavior for your Pascal dialect.
X.TP
X.B AnsiC
XThis parameter selects which dialect of C to use.  If 1, all conventions
Xof ANSI C such as prototypes,
X.B void *
Xpointers, etc. are used.  If 0, only strict K&R (first edition) C is used.
XThe default is to use "traditional UNIX C," which includes
X.B enum
Xand
X.B void
Xbut not
X.B void *
Xor prototypes.  Once again there are a number of other parameters which
Xmay be used to control the individual features if just setting
X.B AnsiC
Xis not enough.
X.TP
X.B C++
XAt present
X.I p2c
Xdoes not use much of C++ at all.  The default action is to generate code
Xthat will compile in either language.
X.TP
X.B UseVExtern
XMany non-UNIX linkers prohibit variables from being defined (not declared)
Xby more than one source file.  One module must declare, e.g., "int foo;",
Xand all others must declare "extern int foo;".
X.I P2c
Xaccomplishes this by declaring public variables "\fBvextern\fR"
Xin header files, and arranging for the macro
X.B vextern
Xto expand to
X.B extern
Xor to nothing when appropriate.  If you set
X.BR UseVExtern =0
X.I p2c
Xwill instead declare variables in a simpler way that works only on
XUNIX-style linkers.
X.TP
X.B UseAnyptrMacros
XCertain C reserved words have meanings which may vary from one C
Ximplementation to another.
X.I P2c
Xuses special capitalized names for these words; these names are
Xdefined as macros in the file
X.I p2c.h
Xwhich all translated programs include.  You can set
X.BR UseAnyptrMacros =0
Xto disable the use of these macros.  Note that the functions of many of
Xthese macros can also be had directly using other parameters; for example,
X.B UseConsts
Xallows you to specify whether your target language recognizes the word
X.B const
Xin constant declarations.  The default is to use the
X.B Const
Xmacro instead, so that your code will be portable to either kind of
Ximplementation.
X.IP
X.B Signed
Xexpands to the reserved word
X.B signed
Xif that word is available, otherwise it is given a null definition.
XSimilarly,
X.B Const
Xexpands to
X.B const
Xif that feature is available.  The words
X.B Volatile
Xand
X.B Register
Xare also defined in
X.I p2c.h,
Xalthough
X.I p2c
Xdoes not use them at present.  The word
X.B Char
Xexpands to
X.B char
Xby default, but might need to be redefined to
X.B signed char
Xor
X.B unsigned char
Xin a particular implementation.  This is used for the Pascal character
Xtype; lowercase
X.B char
Xis used when the desired meaning is "byte," not "character."
X.IP
XThe word
X.B Static
Xalways expands to
X.B static
Xby default.  This is used in situations where a function or variable is
Xdeclared static to make it local to the source file; lowercase
X.B static
Xis used for static local variables.  Thus you can redefine
X.B Static
Xto be null if you want to force private names to be public for purposes
Xof debugging.
X.IP
XThe word
X.B Void
Xexpands to
X.B void
Xin all cases; it is used when declaring a function with no return value.
XThe word
X.B Anyptr
Xis a typedef for
X.B void *
Xor
X.B char *
Xas necessary; it represents a generic pointer.
X.TP
X.B UsePPMacros
XThe
X.I p2c.h
Xheader also declares two macros for function prototyping,
X.BR PP (x)
Xand
X.BR PV ().
XThese macros are used as follows:
X.IP
X\ \ \ \ \ Void foo  PP( (int x, int y, Char *z) );
X.br
X\ \ \ \ \ Char *bar PV( );
X.IP
XIf prototypes are available, these macros will expand to
X.IP
X\ \ \ \ \ Void foo  (int x, int y, Char *z);
X.br
X\ \ \ \ \ Char *bar (void);
X.IP
Xbut if only old-style declarations are supported, you instead get
X.IP
X\ \ \ \ \ Void foo  ();
X.br
X\ \ \ \ \ Char *bar ();
X.IP
XBy default,
X.I p2c
Xuses these macros for all function declarations, but function
X.I definitions
Xare written in old-style C.  The
X.B UsePPMacros
Xparameter can be set to 0 to disable all use of
X.B PP
Xand
X.BR PV ,
Xor it can be set to 1 to use the macros even when defining a function.
X(This is accomplished by preceding each old-style definition with a
X.BR PP -style
Xdeclaration.)  If you know your code will always be
Xcompiled on systems that support prototyping, it is prettier to set
X.BR Prototypes =1
Xor simply
X.BR AnsiC =1
Xto get true function prototypes.
X.TP
X.B EatNotes
XNotes and warning messages containing any of these strings as sub-strings
Xare not omitted.  Each type of message includes an identifier like
X.BR [145] ;
Xyou can add this identifier to the
X.B EatNotes
Xlist to suppress that message.  Another useful form is to use a variable
Xname or other identifier to suppress warnings about that variable.  The
Xstrings are a space-separated list, and thus may not contain embedded spaces.
XTo suppress notes around a section of code, use, e.g.,
X.I {EatNotes+[145]}
Xand
X.I {EatNotes-[145]}.
XMost notes are generated during parsing, but to suppress those generated
Xduring output the string may need to remain in the list far beyond the point
Xwhere it appears to be generated.  Use the string "1" or "0" to disable or
Xenable all notes, respectively.
X.TP
X.B ExpandIncludes
XThe default action is to expand Pascal include files in-line.  This
Xmay not be desirable if include files are being used to simulate modules.
XWith
X.BR ExpandIncludes =0,
X.I p2c
Xattempts to convert include files containing only whole procedures and
Xglobal declarations into analogous C include files.  This may not always
Xwork, though; if you get error messages, don't use this option.  By
Xcombining this option with
X.BR StaticFunctions =0,
Xthen doing some fairly minor editing on the result, you can convert
Xa pseudo-modular Pascal program into a truly modular collection of C
Xsource files.
X.TP
X.B ElimDeadCode
XSome transformations that
X.I p2c
Xdoes on the program may result in unreachable or "dead" code.  By
Xdefault
X.I p2c
Xremoves such code, but sometimes it removes more than it should.
XIf you have "if false" segments which you wish to retain in C, you
Xmay have to set
X.BR ElimDeadCode =0.
X.TP
X.B SkipIndices
XNormally Pascal arrays not based at zero are "shifted" down for C,
Xpreserving the total size of the array.  A Pascal array a[2..10] is
Xtranslated to a C array a[9] with references like "a[i]" changed to
X"a[i-2]" everywhere.  If
X.B SkipIndices
Xis set to a value of 2 or higher, this array would instead be translated
Xto a[11] with the first two elements never used.  This arrangement may
Xgenerate incorrect code, though, for tricky source programs.
X.TP
X.B FoldConstants
XPascal non-structured constants generally translate to
X.BR #define 's
Xin C.  Set this to 1 to have constants instantiated directly into the
Xcode.  This may be turned on or off around specific constant declarations.
XSet this to 0 to force
X.I p2c
Xto make absolutely no assumptions about the constant's value in generated
Xcode, so that you can change the constant later in the C code without
Xinvalidating the translation.  The default is to allow
X.I p2c
Xto take advantage of its knowledge of a constant's value, such as by
Xgenerating code that assumes the constant is positive.
X.TP
X.B VarStrings
XIn HP Pascal, a parameter of the form "var s : string" will match a
Xstring variable of any size; a hidden size parameter is passed which
Xmay be accessed by the Pascal
X.I strmax
Xfunction.  You can prevent
X.I p2c
Xfrom creating a hidden size parameter by setting
X.BR VarString =0.
X(Note that each function uses the value of
X.B VarStrings
Xas of the
X.I first
Xdeclaration of the function that is parsed, which is often in the interface
Xsection of a module.)
X.TP
X.B Prototypes
XControl whether ANSI C function prototypes are used.  Default is according to
X.BR AnsiC .
XThis also controls whether to include parameter names or just their types
Xin situations where names are optional.  The
X.B FullPrototyping
Xparameter allows prototypes to be generated for declarations but not
Xfor definitions (older versions of Lightspeed C required this).  If you
Xuse a mixture of prototypes and old-style definitions, types like short
Xand float will be promoted to int and double as required by the ANSI
Xstandard, unless
X.B PromoteArgs
Xis used to override this.  The
X.B CastArgs
Xparameter controls whether type-casts are used in function arguments;
Xby default they are used only if prototypes are not available.
X.TP
X.B StaticLinks
XHP Pascal and Turbo Pascal each include the concept of procedure or
Xfunction pointers, though with somewhat different syntaxes.
X.I P2c
Xrecognizes both notational styles.  Another difference is that HP's
Xprocedure pointers can point to nested procedures, while Turbo's can
Xpoint only to global procedures.  In HP Pascal a procedure pointer must
Xbe stored as a
X.B struct
Xcontaining both a pure C function pointer and a "static link," a pointer
Xto the parent procedure's locals.  (The static link is NULL for global
Xprocedures.)  This notation can be forced by setting
X.BR StaticLinks =1.
XIn Turbo, the default
X.RB ( StaticLinks =0)
Xis to use plain C function pointers with no static links.  A third option
X.RB ( StaticLinks =2)
Xuses structures with static links, but assumes the links are always NULL
Xwhen calling through a pointer (if you need compatibility with the HP
Xformat but know your procedures are global).
X.TP
X.B SmallSetConst
XPascal sets are translated into one of two formats, depending on the size
Xof the set.  If all elements have ordinal values in the range 0..31, the
Xset is translated as a single integer variable using bit operations.
X(The
X.B SetBits
Xparameter may be used to change the upper limit of 31.)
XThe
X.B SmallSetConst
Xparameter controls whether these small-sets are used, and, if so, how
Xconstant sets should be represented in C.
X.IR
XFor larger sets, an array of
X.B long
Xis used.  The
X.IR s [0]
Xelement contains the number of succeeding array elements
Xwhich are in use.  Set elements in the range 0..31 are stored in the
X.IR s [1]
Xarray element, and so on.  Sets are normalized so that
X.IR s [ s [0]]
Xis nonzero for any nonempty set.  The standard run-time library
Xincludes all the necessary procedures for operating on sets.
X.TP
X.B ReturnValueName
XThis is one of many "naming conventions" parameters.  Most of these
Xtake the form of a
X.IR printf -like
Xstring containing a
X.I %s
Xwhere the relevant information should go.  In the case of
X.BR ReturnValueName ,
Xthe
X.I %s
Xrefers to a function name and the resulting string gives the name of
Xthe variable to use to hold the function's return value.  Such a variable
Xwill be made if a function contains assignments to its return value
Xburied within the body, so that
X.I return
Xstatements cannot conveniently be used.  Some parameters
X.RB ( ReturnValueName
Xincluded) do not require the
X.I %s
Xto be present in the format string; for example, the standard
X.I p2crc
Xfile stores every function's return value in a variable called
X.I Result.
X.TP
X.B AlternateName
X.I P2c
Xnormally translates Pascal names into C names verbatim, but occasionally
Xthis is not possible.  A Pascal name may be a C reserved word or
Xtraditional C name like
X.I putc,
Xor there may be several like-named things that are hidden from each other by
XPascal's scoping rules but must be global in C.  In these situations
X.I p2c
Xuses the parameter
X.B AlternateName1
Xto generate an alternative name for the symbol.  The default is to add
Xan underscore to the name.  There is also an
X.B AlternateName2
Xparameter for a second alternate name, and an
X.B AlternateName
Xparameter for the
X.IR n th
Xalternate name.  (The value for this parameter should include both a
X.I %s
Xand a
X.I %d,
Xin either order.)  If these latter parameters are not defined,
X.I p2c
Xapplies
X.B AlternateName1
Xmany times over.
X.TP
X.B ExportSymbol
XSymbols in the interface section for a Pascal module are formatted
Xaccording to the value of
X.BR ExportSymbol ,
Xif any.  It is not uncommon to use
X.I modulename_%s
Xfor this symbol; the default is
X.I %s,
Xi.e., no special treatment for exported symbols.  If you also define the
X.B Export_Symbol
Xparameter, that format is used instead for exported symbols which
Xcontain an underscore character.  If
X.I %S
X(with a capital "S") appears in the format string it stands for the
Xcurrent module name.
X.TP
X.B Alias
XIf the value of this parameter contains a
X.I %s,
Xit is a format string applied to the names of external functions or
Xvariables.  If the value does not contain a
X.I %s,
Xit becomes the name of the next external symbol which is declared (after
Xwhich the parameter is cleared).
X.TP
X.B Synonym
XThis creates a synonym for another Pascal symbol or keyword.  The format is
X.IP
X.B "\ \ \ \ \ Synonym"
X.I old-name = new-name
X.IP
XAll occurrences of 
X.I old-name
Xin the input text are treated as if they were
X.I new-name
Xby the parser.  If
X.I new-name
Xis a keyword,
X.I old-name
Xwill be an equivalent keyword.  If
X.I new-name
Xis the name of a predefined function,
X.I old-name
Xwill behave in the same way as that function, and so on.  If
X.I new-name
Xis omitted, then occurrences of
X.I old-name
Xare entirely ignored in the input file.  Synonyms allow you to skip over
Xa keyword in your dialect of Pascal that is not understood by
X.I p2c,
Xor to simulate a keyword or predefined identifier of your dialect with a
Xsimilar one that
X.I p2c
Xrecognizes.  Note that all predefined functions are available at all times;
Xif you have a library routine that behaves like, e.g., Turbo Pascal's
X.I getmem
Xprocedure, you can make your routine a synonym for
X.I getmem
Xeven if you are not translating in Turbo mode.
X.TP
X.B NameOf
XThis defines the name to use in C for a specific symbol.  It must appear
Xbefore the symbol is declared in the Pascal code; it is usually placed
Xin the local
X.I p2crc
Xfile for the project.  The format is
X.IP
X.B "\ \ \ \ \ NameOf"
X.I pascal-name = C-name
X.IP
XBy default, Pascal names map directly onto C names with no change
X(except for the various kinds of formatting outlined above).  If the
X.I pascal-name
Xis of the form
X.I module.name
Xor
X.I procedure.name
Xthen the command applies only to the instance of the Pascal name that is
Xglobal to that module, or local to that procedure.  Otherwise, it applies
Xto all usages of the name.
X.TP
X.B VarMacro
XThis is analogous to
X.BR NameOf ,
Xbut specifically for use with Pascal variables.  The righthand side can
Xbe most any C expression; all references to the variable are expanded
Xinto that C expression.  Names used in the C expression are taken
Xverbatim.  There is also a
X.B ConstMacro
Xparameter for translating constants as arbitrary expressions.
XNote that the variable on the lefthand side must actually be declared
Xin the program or in a module that it uses.
XThe declaration for the variable will be omitted from the generated code
Xunless the Pascal-name appears in the expression:  If you ask to
Xreplace
X.I i
Xwith
X.I i+1,
Xthe variable
X.I i
Xwill still be declared but its value will be shifted accordingly.
XNote that if
X.I i
Xappears on the lefthand side of an assignment,
X.I p2c
Xwill use algebra to "solve" for
X.I i.
X.IP
XIn all cases where
X.I p2c
Xparses C expressions, all C operators are recognized except compound
Xassignments like `+='.  (Increment and decrement operators are allowed.)
XAll variable and function names are assumed to have integer type, even
Xif they are names that occur in the actual program.  A type-specification
Xoperator `::' has been introduced; it has the same precedence as `.' or `->'
Xbut the righthand side must be a Pascal type identifier (built-in or defined
Xby your program previously to when the macro definition was parsed),
Xor an arbitrary Pascal type expression in parentheses.
XThe lefthand argument is then
Xconsidered to have the specified type.  This may be necessary if your
Xmacro is used in situations where the exact type of the expression
Xmust be known (say, as the argument to a
X.IR writeln ).
X.TP
X.B FieldMacro
XHere the lefthand side must have the form
X.I record.field,
Xwhere
X.I record
Xis the Pascal type or variable name for a record, and
X.I field
Xis a field in that record.  The righthand side must be a C expression
Xgenerally including the name
X.I record.
XAll instances of that name are replaced by the actual record being "dotted."
XFor example,
X.IP
X\ \ \ \ \ FieldMacro Rect.topLeft = topLeft(Rect)
X.IP
Xtranslates
X.I a[i].topLeft
Xinto
X.I topLeft(a[i]),
Xwhere
X.I a
Xis an array of
X.I Rect.
X.TP
X.B FuncMacro
XThe lefthand side must be any Pascal function or procedure name plus a
Xparameter list.  The number of parameters must match the number in the
Xfunction's uses and declaration.  Calls to the function are replaced by the
XC expression on the righthand side.  For example,
X.IP
X\ \ \ \ \ FuncMacro PtInRect(p,r) = PtInRect(p,&r)
X.IP
Xcauses the second argument of
X.I PtInRect
Xto be passed by reference, even though the declaration says it's not.
XIf the function in question is actually defined in the program or module
Xbeing translated, the
X.B FuncMacro
Xwill not affect the definition but it will affect all calls to the function
Xelsewhere in the module.
X.B FuncMacros
Xcan also be applied to predefined or never-defined functions.
X.TP
X.B IncludeFrom
XThis specifies that a given module's header should be included from a
Xgiven place.  The second argument may be surrounded by "\ " or <\ > as
Xnecessary; if the second argument is omitted, no include directive will
Xbe generated for the module.
X.TP
X.B ImportFrom
XThis specifies that a given module's Pascal interface text can be found
Xin the given file.  The named file should be either the source file for
Xthe module, or a specially prepared file with the implementation section
Xremoved for speed.  If no
X.B ImportFrom
Xentry is found for a module, the path defined by the
X.B ImportDir
Xlist is searched.  Each entry in the path may contain a
X.I %s,
Xwhich expands to the name of the module.  The default path looks for
X.I %s.pas
Xand
X.I %s.text
Xin the current directory, then for
X.I --HOMEDIR--/%s.imp.
X(where --HOMEDIR-- is the
X.I p2c
Xhome directory.)
X.TP
X.B StructFunction
XThis parameter is a list of functions which follow the
X.I p2c
Xsemantics for structure-valued functions (functions returning arrays,
Xsets, and strings, and structs in primitive C dialects).  For these
Xfunctions, a pointer to a return-value area is passed to the function
Xas a special first parameter.  The function stores the result in this
Xarea, then returns a copy of the pointer.  (The standard C function
X.I strcpy
Xis an example of this concept.
X.I Sprintf
Xalso behaves this way in some dialects; it always appears on the
X.B StructFunction
Xlist regardless of the type of implementation.)  The system configuration
Xfile includes a list of common structured functions so that
X.IR p2c 's
Xoptimizer will know how to manipulate them.
X.TP
X.B StrlapFunction
XFunctions on this list are structured functions as above, but with the
Xability to work in-place; that is, the same pointer may be passed as both the
Xreturn value area and a regular parameter.
X.TP
X.B Deterministic
XFunctions on this list have no side effects or side dependencies.
XAn example is the
X.I sin
Xfunction in the standard math library; two calls with the same parameter
Xvalues produce the same result, and have no effects other than returning
Xa value.
X.I P2c
Xcan make use of this knowledge when optimizing code for efficiency or
Xreadability.  Functions on this list are also assumed to be relatively
Xfast, so that it is acceptable to duplicate a call to the function.
X.TP
X.B LeaveAlone
XFunctions on this list are not subjected to the normal built-in translation
Xrules that
X.I p2c
Xwould otherwise use.  For example, adding
X.I writeln
Xto this list would translate
X.I writeln
Xstatements blindly into calls to a C
X.I writeln()
Xfunction, rather than being translated into equivalent
X.I printf
Xcalls.  The built-in translation is also suppressed if the function has a
X.BR FuncMacro .
X.TP
X.B BufferedFile
X.I P2c
Xnormally assumes binary files will use
X.I read/write,
Xnot
X.I get/put/^
Xnotation.
XA file buffer variable will only be created for a file if buffer notation
Xis used for it.  For global file variables this may be detected too late
X(a declaration without buffers may already have been written).  Such files
Xcan be listed in
X.B BufferedFile
Xto force
X.I p2c
Xto allocate buffers for them; do this if you get a warning
Xmessage that says it is necessary.  Set
X.BR BufferedFile =1
Xto buffer all files, in which case
X.B UnBufferedFile
Xallows you to force certain files
X.I not
Xto have buffers.
X.TP
X.B CheckFileEOF
XNormally only file-open operations are checked for errors.  Additional
Xerror checking, such as read-past-end-of-file, can be enabled with
Xparameters like
X.BR CheckFileEOF .
XThese checks can make the code very ugly!  If I/O checking is enabled
Xby the program
X.RB ( "$iocheck on$"
Xin HP Pascal;
X.B {$I+}
Xin Turbo; this is always the default state),
Xthese checks will generate fatal errors unless enclosed in an HP Pascal
X.BR try - recover
Xconstruct.  If I/O checking is disabled, these will cause the global
Xvariable
X.I P_ioresult
Xto be set zero or nonzero according to the outcome.  The default for most
Xof these options is to check only when I/O checking is disabled.
X.SH ISSUES
X.B Integer size.
X.I P2c
Xnormally generates code to work with either 16 or 32 bit ints.
XIf you know your C integers will be 16 or 32 bits, set
X.B IntSize
Xappropriately.  In particular setting
X.BR IntSize =32
Xwill generate much cleaner code:
X.I p2c
Xno longer must carefully cast function arguments between int and long.
XThese casts also will be unnecessary if ANSI prototypes are available.
XTo disable int/long casting because you know at least one of these
Xcases will hold, set
X.BR CastLongArgs =0.
X(The
X.B CastArgs
Xparameter similarly controls other types of casts, such as between ints
Xand doubles.)
XThe
X.B Integer16
Xparameter controls whether Pascal integers are interpreted as 16 or 32
Xbits, or translated as native C integers.  The default value depends on the
X.B Language
Xselected.
X.PP
X.B Signed/unsigned chars.
XPascal characters are normally "weakly" interpreted as unsigned; this
Xis controlled by
X.BR UnsignedChar .
XThe default is "either," so that C's native
X.B char
Xtype may be used even if its signed-ness is unknown.  Code that uses
Xcharacters outside of the range 0-127 may need a different setting.
XAlternatively, you can use the types
X.B {SIGNED} char
Xand
X.B {UNSIGNED} char
Xin the few cases where it really matters.  These comments are controlled
Xby the
X.B SignedComment
Xand
X.B UnsignedComment
Xparameters.  (The type
X.B {UNSIGNED} integer
Xis also recognized.)  The
X.B SignedChar
Xparameter tells whether C characters are signed or unsigned (default is
X"unknown").  The
X.B HasSignedChar
Xparameter tells whether the phrase "signed char" is legal in the output.
XIf it is not,
X.I p2c
Xmay have to translate Pascal signed bytes into C shorts.
X.PP
X.B Special types.
X.I P2c
Xunderstands the following predefined Pascal type names:
X.BR integer ,
Xsigned integers depending on
X.BR Integer16 ;
X.BR longint ,
Xsigned 32-bit integers;
X.BR unsigned ,
Xunsigned 32-bit integers;
X.BR sword ,
Xsigned 16-bit integers;
X.BR word ,
Xunsigned 16-bit integers;
X.BR c_int ,
Xsigned native C integers;
X.BR c_uint ,
Xunsigned native C integers;
X.BR sbyte ,
Xsigned 8-bit integers;
X.BR byte ,
Xunsigned 8-bit integers;
X.BR real ,
Xfloating-point numbers depending on
X.BR DoubleReals ;
X.BR single ,
Xsingle-precision floats;
X.BR longreal ,
X.BR double ,
Xand
X.BR extended ,
Xdouble-precision floats;
X.B pointer
Xand
X.BR anyptr ,
Xgeneric pointers (assignment-compatible with any pointer type);
X.BR string ,
Xgeneric string of length
X.B StringDefault
X(normally 255);
Xalso, the usual Pascal types
X.BR char ,
X.BR boolean ,
Xand
X.BR text .
X(If your Pascal uses different names for these concepts, the
X.B Synonym
Xoption will come in handy.)
X.PP
X.B Embedded code.
XIt is possible to write a Pascal comment containing C code to
Xbe embedded into the output.  See the descriptions of
X.B EmbedComment
Xand its relatives in the system
X.I p2crc
Xfile.  These techniques are helpful if you plan to do repeated translations
Xof code that is still being maintained in Pascal.
X.PP
X.B Comments and blank lines.
X.I P2c
Xcollects the comments in a procedure into a list.  All comments and statements
Xare stamped with serial numbers which are used to reattach comments to
Xstatements even after code has been added, removed, or rearranged during
Xtranslation.  "Orphan" comments attached to statements that have been lost
Xare attached to nearby statements or emitted at the end of the procedure.
XBlank lines are treated as a kind of comment, so
X.I p2c
Xwill also reproduce your usage of blank lines.  If the comment mechanism
Xgoes awry, you can disable comments with
X.B EatComments
Xor disable their being attached to code with
X.BR SpitComments .
X.PP
X.B Indentation.
X.I P2c
Xhas a number of parameters to govern indentation of code.  The default
Xvalues produce the GNU Emacs standard indentation style, although
X.I p2c
Xcan do a better job since it knows more about the code it is indenting.
XIndentation works by applying "indentation deltas," which are either
Xabsolute numbers (which override the previous indentation), or signed
Xrelative numbers (which augment the previous indentation).  A delta of
X"+0" specifies no change in indentation.  All of the indentation
Xoptions are described in the standard
X.I p2crc
Xfile.
X.PP
X.B Line breaking.
X.I P2c
Xuses an algorithm similar to the TeX typesetter's paragraph formatter
Xfor breaking long statements into multiple lines.  A "penalty" is assigned
Xto various undesirable aspects of all possible line breaks; the "badness"
Xof a set of line breaks is approximately the sum of all the penalties.
XChief among these are serious penalties for overrunning the desired maximum
Xline length (default 78 columns),
Xan infinite penalty for overrunning the absolute
Xmaximum line length (default 90), and progressively greater penalties for
Xbreaking at operators deeply nested in expressions.  Parameters such as
X.B OpBreakPenalty
Xcontrol the relative weights of various choices.
X.B BreakArith
Xand its neighbors control whether the operator at a line break should be
Xplaced at the end of the previous line or at the beginning of the next.
XIf you don't want any oversize lines, define
X.BR MaxLineWidth =78.
X.PP
XUnlike TeX,
X.IR p2c 's
Xline breaker must actually try all possible sets of break points.  To
Xavoid excessive computation, the total penalty contributed at each decision
Xpoint must sum to a nonnegative value; negative values are clipped up to zero.
XThis allows
X.I p2c
Xto prune away obviously undesirable alternatives in advance.  The
X.B MaxLineBreakTries
Xparameter (default 5000) controls how many alternatives to try before
Xgiving up and using the best so far.
X.PP
X.B PASCAL_MAIN.
X.I P2c
Xgenerates a call to this function at the front of the main program.
XIn the (unmodified) run-time library all this does is save argc and argv
Xaway because in both HP and Turbo these are accessed as global variables.
XIf you do not wish to use this feature, define
X.B ArgCName
Xto be
X.I argc,
X.B ArgVName
Xto be
X.I argv,
Xand
X.B MainName
X(normally "PASCAL_MAIN") to be blank.  This will work if argc and argv
Xare never accessed outside of your main program.
X.SH BUGS
X.I P2c
Xwas designed with the idea that clean, readable output in most cases is
Xworth more than guaranteed correct output in extreme cases.
X.I P2c
Xis
X.I not
Xa compiler!  However, ideally the "extreme" cases would include only those
Xwhich never arise in real life.  Thus if
X.I p2c
Xactually generates incorrect code I will consider it a bug, but I will not
Xapologize for it. :-)  Below are the major remaining cases where this is
Xknown to occur.
X.PP
XCertain kinds of conformant array parameters (including multi-dimensional
Xconformant arrays) produce code that declares variable-length arrays in C.
XOnly a few C compilers, such as the GNU C compiler, support this language
Xextension.  Otherwise some hand re-coding will be required.
X.PP
XHP Pascal
X.BR try - recover
Xstructures are translated into calls to
X.I TRY
Xand
X.I RECOVER
Xmacros, which are defined to simulate the construct using
X.I setjmp
Xand
X.I longjmp.
XIf this emulation does not work, define the symbol
X.B FAKE_TRY
Xto cause these macros to become "inert."  (In cases where the
Xerror is detected by code physically within the body of the
X.B try
Xstatement, a C
X.B goto
Xto the
X.B recover
Xsection is always generated.)  Also, local file variables in scopes which
Xare destroyed by an
X.B escape
Xare not closed.
X.PP
XNon-local GOTO's and
X.BR try - recover
Xstatements are each implemented, but may
Xconflict if both are used at once.  Non-local GOTO's are fairly careful
Xabout closing files that go out of scope but may fail to do so in the presence
Xof recursion.
X.PP
XArrays containing files are not initialized to NULL as other files are.
XIn some cases, such as file variables allocated by NEW, the file is
Xinitialized but not automatically closed by DISPOSE.
X.PP
XLINK variables allowing sub-procedures access to their parents' variables
Xare occasionally omitted by mistake, if the access is too indirect for
X.I p2c
Xto notice.  If this happens, you can add an explicit reference to a parent
Xvariable in the sub-procedure.  A statement of the form "a:=a" will count
Xas a reference but then be optimized away by
X.I p2c.
X.PP
XMany aspects of Modula-2 are translated only superficially.  For example,
Xthe type-compatibility properties of the
X.I WORD
Xand
X.I ARRAY OF WORD
Xtypes are only roughly modelled, as are the scope rules concerning modules.
X.PP
XParts of VAX Pascal are still untreated.  In particular, the
X.I [UNSAFE]
Xattribute and a few others are not fully supported,
Xnor are the semantics of the
X.I OPEN
Xprocedure.
X.PP
XTurbo and VAX Pascal's
X.I double, quadruple,
Xand
X.I extended
Xreal types all translate to the C
X.B double
Xtype.  Turbo's
X.I computational
Xtype is not supported at all.
X.PP
XBecause Pascal strings (with length bytes) are translated into C strings
X(with null terminators), certain Pascal string tricks will not work in
Xthe translated code.  For example the assignment
X.I s[0]:=chr(x)
Xis translated to
X.I s[x]=0
Xon the assumption that the string is being shortened.  If
X.I x
Xis actually greater than the current length, but not of a recognizable
Xform like
X.I ord(s[0])+n,
Xthen the generated code will not work.  In VAX Pascal this corresponds
Xto performing arithmetic on the
X.I LENGTH
Xfield of a varying-length string.
X.PP
XTurbo Pascal's automatic clipping of strings is not supported.  In
XTurbo, if a ten character string is assigned to a
X.I string[8]
Xvariable, the last two characters are silently removed.  The code
Xproduced by
X.I p2c
Xgenerally will overrun the target string instead!  The
X.B StringTruncLimit
Xparameter (80 by default if
X.BR Language = Turbo )
Xspecifies a string size which should be considered "short"; assignments
Xof potentially-long strings to short string variables will cause a warning
Xbut will not automatically truncate.  The cure is to use
X.I copy
Xin the Pascal source to truncate the strings explicitly.
X.SH FILES
X.ta \w'--INCDIR--/p2c.h 'u
Xfile.\fIxxx\fR	Pascal source files
X.br
Xfile.c	resulting C source file
X.br
Xmodule.h	resulting C header file
X.br
Xp2crc	local configuration file
X.br
X\&.p2crc	alternate local configuration file
X.br
X--HOMEDIR--/p2crc	system-wide configuration file
X.br
X--HOMEDIR--/system.imp	declarations for predefined functions
X.br
X--HOMEDIR--/system.m2	analogous declarations for Modula-2
X.br
X--HOMEDIR--/*.imp	interface text for standard modules
X.br
X--INCDIR--/p2c.h	header file for translated programs
X.br
X--LIBDIR--/libp2c.a	run-time library
X.SH AUTHOR
XDave Gillespie, daveg at csvax.caltech.edu.
X.PP
XMany thanks to William Bader, Rick Koshi, Eric Raymond, Magne Haveraaen,
XDirk Grunwald, David Barto, Paul Fisher, and others whose suggestions and
Xbug reports have helped improve
X.I p2c
Xin countless ways.
END_OF_FILE
if test 46517 -ne `wc -c <'src/p2c.man'`; then
    echo shar: \"'src/p2c.man'\" unpacked with wrong size!
fi
# end of 'src/p2c.man'
fi
echo shar: End of archive 18 \(of 32\).
cp /dev/null ark18isdone
MISSING=""
for I in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ; do
    if test ! -f ark${I}isdone ; then
	MISSING="${MISSING} ${I}"
    fi
done
if test "${MISSING}" = "" ; then
    echo You have unpacked all 32 archives.
    echo "Now see PACKNOTES and the README"
    rm -f ark[1-9]isdone ark[1-9][0-9]isdone
else
    echo You still need to unpack the following archives:
    echo "        " ${MISSING}
fi
##  End of shell archive.
exit 0
-- 
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